Scene understanding using a neurosynaptic system

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention provide a method for scene understanding based on a sequence of image frames. The method comprises converting each pixel of each image frame to neural spikes, and extracting features from the sequence of image frames by processing neural spikes corresponding to pixels of the sequence of image frames. The method further comprises encoding the extracted features as neural spikes, and classifying the extracted features.

This invention was made with Government support under HR0011-09-C-0002awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). TheGovernment has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to neuromorphic and synaptroniccomputation, and in particular, scene understanding using aneurosynaptic system.

Neuromorphic and synaptronic computation, also referred to as artificialneural networks, are computational systems that permit electronicsystems to essentially function in a manner analogous to that ofbiological brains. Neuromorphic and synaptronic computation do notgenerally utilize the traditional digital model of manipulating 0 s and1 s. Instead, neuromorphic and synaptronic computation createconnections between processing elements that are roughly functionallyequivalent to neurons of a biological brain. Neuromorphic andsynaptronic computation may comprise various electronic circuits thatare modeled on biological neurons.

In biological systems, the point of contact between an axon of a neuralmodule and a dendrite on another neuron is called a synapse, and withrespect to the synapse, the two neurons are respectively calledpre-synaptic and post-synaptic. The essence of our individualexperiences is stored in conductance of the synapses. The synapticconductance changes with time as a function of the relative spike timesof pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons, as per spike-timing dependentplasticity (STDP). The STDP rule increases the conductance of a synapseif its post-synaptic neuron fires after its pre-synaptic neuron fires,and decreases the conductance of a synapse if the order of the twofirings is reversed.

BRIEF SUMMARY

One embodiment of the invention provides a method for sceneunderstanding based on a sequence of image frames. The method comprisesconverting each pixel of each image frame to neural spikes, andextracting features from the sequence of image frames by processingneural spikes corresponding to pixels of the sequence of image frames.The method further comprises encoding the extracted features as neuralspikes, and classifying the extracted features.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a system for sceneunderstanding based on a sequence of image frames. The system comprisesa transduction unit for converting each pixel of each image frame toneural spikes. The system further comprises at least one featureextraction unit for extracting features from the sequence of imageframes by processing neural spikes corresponding to pixels of thesequence of image frames. The system further comprises at least oneclassification unit for encoding the extracted features as neuralspikes, and classifying the extracted features.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become understood with reference to the followingdescription, appended claims, and accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example neurosynaptic core circuit (“corecircuit”), in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example neurosynaptic network circuit, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a crossbar, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a neural spike, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system for scene understanding, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates converting different pixels into neural spikes, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates converting pixels from an example patch of an imageframe to neural spikes, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 8 illustrates converting pixels from another example patch of animage frame to neural spikes, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 9 illustrates pre-processing an input video for feature extraction,in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates performing scene understanding on an image frame, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example process for performingscene understanding, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;and

FIG. 12 is a high level block diagram showing an information processingsystem useful for implementing one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to neuromorphic and synaptroniccomputation, and in particular, scene understanding using aneurosynaptic system. One embodiment of the invention provides a methodfor scene understanding based on a sequence of image frames. The methodcomprises converting each pixel of each image frame to neural spikes,and extracting features from the sequence of image frames by processingneural spikes corresponding to pixels of the sequence of image frames.The method further comprises encoding the extracted features as neuralspikes, and classifying the extracted features.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a system for sceneunderstanding based on a sequence of image frames. The system comprisesa transduction unit for converting each pixel of each image frame toneural spikes. The system further comprises at least one featureextraction unit for extracting features from the sequence of imageframes by processing neural spikes corresponding to pixels of thesequence of image frames. The system further comprises at least oneclassification unit for encoding the extracted features as neuralspikes, and classifying the extracted features.

In one embodiment, a neurosynaptic system comprises a system thatimplements neuron models, synaptic models, neural algorithms, and/orsynaptic algorithms. In one embodiment, a neurosynaptic system comprisessoftware components and/or hardware components, such as digitalhardware, analog hardware or a combination of analog and digitalhardware (i.e., mixed-mode).

The term electronic neuron as used herein represents an architectureconfigured to simulate a biological neuron. An electronic neuron createsconnections between processing elements that are roughly functionallyequivalent to neurons of a biological brain. As such, a neuromorphic andsynaptronic computation comprising electronic neurons according toembodiments of the invention may include various electronic circuitsthat are modeled on biological neurons. Further, a neuromorphic andsynaptronic computation comprising electronic neurons according toembodiments of the invention may include various processing elements(including computer simulations) that are modeled on biological neurons.Although certain illustrative embodiments of the invention are describedherein using electronic neurons comprising electronic circuits, thepresent invention is not limited to electronic circuits. A neuromorphicand synaptronic computation according to embodiments of the inventioncan be implemented as a neuromorphic and synaptronic architecturecomprising circuitry, and additionally as a computer simulation. Indeed,embodiments of the invention can take the form of an entirely hardwareembodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containingboth hardware and software elements.

The term electronic axon as used herein represents an architectureconfigured to simulate a biological axon that transmits information fromone biological neuron to different biological neurons. In oneembodiment, an electronic axon comprises a circuit architecture. Anelectronic axon is functionally equivalent to axons of a biologicalbrain. As such, neuromorphic and synaptronic computation involvingelectronic axons according to embodiments of the invention may includevarious electronic circuits that are modeled on biological axons.Although certain illustrative embodiments of the invention are describedherein using electronic axons comprising electronic circuits, thepresent invention is not limited to electronic circuits.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example neurosynaptic core circuit (“corecircuit”) 10, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Thecore circuit 10 comprises a plurality of electronic neurons (“neurons”)11 and a plurality of electronic axons (“axons”) 15. The neurons 11 andthe axons 15 are interconnected via an m×n crossbar 12 comprisingmultiple intra-core electronic synapse devices (“synapses”) 31, multiplerows/axon paths 26, and multiple columns/dendrite paths 34, wherein “x”represents multiplication, and m and n are positive integers.

Each synapse 31 communicates neuronal firing events (i.e., neuralspikes) between an axon 15 and a neuron 11. Specifically, each synapse31 is located at cross-point junction between an axon path 26 and adendrite path 34, such that a connection between the axon path 26 andthe dendrite path 34 is made through the synapse 31. Each axon 15 isconnected to an axon path 26, and sends firing events to the connectedaxon path 26. Each neuron 11 is connected to a dendrite path 34, andreceives firing events from the connected dendrite path 34. Therefore,each synapse 31 interconnects an axon 15 to a neuron 11, wherein, withrespect to the synapse 31, the axon 15 and the neuron 11 represent anaxon of a pre-synaptic neuron and a dendrite of a post-synaptic neuron,respectively.

Each synapse 31 and each neuron 11 has configurable operationalparameters. In one embodiment, the core circuit 10 is a uni-directionalcore, wherein the neurons 11 and the axons 15 of the core circuit 10 arearranged as a single neuron array and a single axon array, respectively.In another embodiment, the core circuit 10 is a bi-directional core,wherein the neurons 11 and the axons 15 of the core circuit 10 arearranged as two neuron arrays and two axon arrays, respectively. Forexample, a bi-directional core circuit 10 may have a horizontal neuronarray, a vertical neuron array, a horizontal axon array and a verticalaxon array, wherein the crossbar 12 interconnects the horizontal neuronarray and the vertical neuron array with the vertical axon array and thehorizontal axon array, respectively.

In response to the firing events received, each neuron 11 generates afiring event according to a neuronal activation function. A preferredembodiment for the neuronal activation function can be leakyintegrate-and-fire.

An external two-way communication environment may supply sensory inputsand consume motor outputs. The neurons 11 and axons 15 are implementedusing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates thatreceive firing events and generate a firing event according to theneuronal activation function. In one embodiment, the neurons 11 andaxons 15 include comparator circuits that generate firing eventsaccording to the neuronal activation function. In one embodiment, thesynapses 31 are implemented using 1-bit static random-access memory(SRAM) cells. Neurons 11 that generate a firing event are selected oneat a time, and the firing events are delivered to target axons 15,wherein the target axons 15 may reside in the same core circuit 10 orsomewhere else in a larger system with many core circuits 10.

As shown in FIG. 1, the core circuit 10 further comprises anaddress-event receiver (Core-to-Axon) 4, an address-event transmitter(Neuron-to-Core) 5, and a controller 6 that functions as a global statemachine (GSM). The address-event receiver 4 receives firing events andtransmits them to target axons 15. The address-event transmitter 5transmits firing events generated by the neurons 11 to the core circuits10 including the target axons 15.

The controller 6 sequences event activity within a time-step. Thecontroller 6 divides each time-step into operational phases in the corecircuit 10 for neuron updates, etc. In one embodiment, within atime-step, multiple neuron updates and synapse updates are sequentiallyhandled in a read phase and a write phase, respectively. Further,variable time-steps may be utilized wherein the start of a nexttime-step may be triggered using handshaking signals whenever theneuron/synapse operation of the previous time-step is completed. Forexternal communication, pipelining may be utilized wherein load inputs,neuron/synapse operation, and send outputs are pipelined (thiseffectively hides the input/output operating latency).

As shown in FIG. 1, the core circuit 10 further comprises a routingfabric 70. The routing fabric 70 is configured to selectively routeneuronal firing events among core circuits 10. The routing fabric 70comprises a firing events address lookup table (LUT) module 57, a packetbuilder (PB) module 58, a head delete (HD) module 53, and a core-to-corepacket switch (PSw) 55. The LUT 57 is an N address routing table isconfigured to determine target axons 15 for firing events generated bythe neurons 11 in the core circuit 10. The target axons 15 may be axons15 in the same core circuit 10 or other core circuits 10. The LUT 57retrieves information such as target distance, direction, addresses, anddelivery times (e.g., about 19 bits/packet×4 packets/neuron). The LUT 57converts firing events generated by the neurons 11 into forwardingaddresses of the target axons 15.

The PB 58 packetizes the routing information retrieved by the LUT 57into outgoing address-event packets. The core-to-core PSw 55 is anup-down-left-right mesh router configured to direct the outgoingaddress-event packets to the core circuits 10 containing the targetaxons 15. The core-to-core PSw 55 is also configured to receive incomingaddress-event packets from the core circuits 10. The HD 53 removesrouting information from an incoming address-event packet to deliver itas a time stamped firing event to the address-event receiver 4.

In one example implementation, the core circuit 10 may comprise 256neurons 11. The crossbar 12 may be a 256×256 ultra-dense crossbar arraythat has a pitch in the range of about 0.1 nm to 10 μm. The LUT 57 ofthe core circuit 10 may comprise 256 address entries, each entry oflength 32 bits.

In one embodiment, soft-wiring in the core circuit 10 is implementedusing address events (e.g., Address-Event Representation (AER)). Firingevent arrival times included in address events may be deterministic ornon-deterministic.

Although certain illustrative embodiments of the invention are describedherein using synapses comprising electronic circuits, the presentinvention is not limited to electronic circuits.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example neurosynaptic network circuit 60, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. The network circuit 60is an example multi-core neurosynaptic system comprising multipleinterconnected core circuits 10. In one embodiment, the core circuits 10are arranged as a two-dimensional tile-able core array 62. Each corecircuit 10 may be identified by its Cartesian coordinates as core (i,j),wherein i is a row index and j is a column index of the core array 62(i.e., core (0,0), core (0,1), . . . , core (5,7)).

Each core circuit 10 utilizes its core-to-core PSw 55 (FIG. 1) to passalong neuronal firing events in the eastbound, westbound, northbound, orsouthbound direction. For example, a neuron 11 (FIG. 1) of the corecircuit (0,0) may generate a firing event targeting an incoming axon 15(FIG. 1) of the core circuit (5,7). To reach the core circuit (5,7), thefiring event may traverse seven core circuits 10 in the eastbounddirection (i.e., from core (0,0) to cores (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (0,4),(0,5), (0,6), and (0,7)), and five core circuits 10 in the southbounddirection (i.e., from core (0,7) to cores (1, 7), (2, 7), (3, 7), (4,7), and (5, 7)) via the core-to-core PSws 55 of the network circuit 60.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a crossbar 12, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. As stated above, a crossbar 12 of a corecircuit 10 comprises multiple synapses 31 for interconnecting neurons 11of the core circuit 10 with axons 15 of the core circuit 10. Eachsynapse 31 communicates neuronal firing events (i.e., neural spikes)between an axon 15 and a neuron 11. Each synapse 31 has a correspondingsynaptic weight. Let W_(i) generally denote a synaptic weight of asynapse i of the crossbar 12, wherein i is a positive integer. In oneembodiment, the synaptic weight of a synapse 31 is binary. In anotherembodiment, the synaptic weight of a synapse 31 is based on an axon typeof an axon 15 connected to the synapse 31.

In one example implementation, the synaptic weight of a synapse 31 maybe an integer in the range of [−1, 1]. If a synaptic weight of a synapse31 is set to ‘−1’, the synapse 31 provides inhibitory synaptic input. Ifa synaptic weight of a synapse 31 is set to ‘1’, the synapse 31 providesexcitatory synaptic input. If a synaptic weight of a synapse 31 is setto ‘0’, the synapse 31 is non-conducting (i.e., turned off).

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, a first synapse 31 with correspondingsynaptic weight W₁ interconnects a first axon 15 (Axon1) with a firstneuron 11. Also shown in FIG. 3, a second synapse 31 with correspondingsynaptic weight W₂ interconnects a second axon 15 (Axon2) with the firstneuron 11.

FIG. 4 illustrates a neural spike 130, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention. In one embodiment, all data in a neurosynaptic systemis represented as neural spikes 130. A neuron 11 generates a neuralspike 130 when a corresponding membrane potential variable of the neuron11 exceeds a pre-determined threshold. Each neural spike 130 has acorresponding destination and a corresponding delivery time. Acorresponding destination for a neural spike 130 represents a targetaxon 15 that the neural spike 130 is routed to for delivery. Acorresponding delivery time for a neural spike 130 represents a timeduring which the neural spike 130 is scheduled to arrive at itscorresponding destination. For example, FIG. 4 illustrates a singleneural spike 130 targeting an axon 15 labeled as Axon1. The singleneural spike 130 is delivered to Axon1 when time step t=2.

In one embodiment, a neurosynaptic system may be used to perform sceneunderstanding. Scene understanding involves determining regionsindicating objects of interest within a visual scene, and classifyingthe objects of interest.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system 200 for scene understanding, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. The system 200 is anexample neurosynaptic system. In this specification, let the term regionof interest denote a portion of a visual scene where one or more objectsof interest (e.g., a car, a person walking, etc.) are detected. Thesystem 200 determines one or more regions of interest within each imageframe 150F (FIG. 9) of an input video 150 (FIG. 9). The system 200 thenclassifies the objects of interest within the regions of interest byassigning a classification label to each object of interest. Eachclassification label represents a predicated classification for theobject of interest.

The system 200 receives an input video 150 from an external input system110 (e.g., sensors, a moving camera, etc.). The input video comprises asequence of image frames 150F, wherein each image frame 150F representsa visual scene. Each image frame 150F comprises multiple pixels 140(FIG. 6) arranged in a two-dimensional array. Each pixel 140 has acorresponding pixel intensity value.

In one embodiment, the system 200 comprises a transduction unit 210. Thetransduction unit 210 pre-processes the input video 150 for featureextraction. As described in detail later herein, the transduction unit210 converts each pixel 140 of each image frame 150F of the input video150 to neural spikes 130. The number of neural spikes 130 generated fora pixel 140 is based on a corresponding pixel intensity value of thepixel 140.

The system 200 further comprises a saliency feature extraction unit 220for extracting one or more salient features from each image frame 150Fof the input video 150. As described in detail later herein, thesaliency feature extraction unit 220 processes neural spikes 130 foreach pixel 140 of each image frame 150F to extract salient features fromthe image frame 150F. For each image frame 150F, the saliency featureextraction unit 220 generates a corresponding map 410 (FIG. 10)representing the salient features extracted from the image frame 150F aswell as the regions of the image frame 150F that the salient featureswere extracted from. In one embodiment, the salient features extractedinclude motion saliency features and/or spatial saliency features.Motion saliency features are used to detect objects of interest inmotion. Spatial saliency features are used to detect objects of interestthat are motionless.

The system 200 further comprises a discriminatory feature extractionunit 230 for extracting one or more discriminative features from eachimage frame 150F of the input video 150. The discriminatory featureextraction unit 230 processes neural spikes 130 for each pixel 140 ofeach image frame 150F to extract discriminative features from the imageframe 150F. For each image frame 150F, the discriminatory featureextraction unit 230 generates a corresponding map 420 (FIG. 10)representing the discriminative features extracted from the image frame150F as well as the regions of the image frame 150F that thediscriminative features were extracted from.

The features extracted by each feature extraction unit 220, 230 mayinclude mathematically defined features and/or learned features. In oneembodiment, mathematically defined features are extracted using one ormore of the following: edge extraction operators, texture extractionoperators, and local averaging operators. In one embodiment, learnedfeatures are extracted using one or more of the following: a k-meansclustering algorithm applied to training data, and an input/desiredoutput covariance algorithm applied to training data.

The system 200 further comprises one or more classification units 240.Each classification unit 240 operates as an object classifier. In thisspecification, let the term patch denote a subset of pixels from theimage frame 150F, wherein the size of the patch is smaller than the sizeof the image frame 150F. In one embodiment, each image frame 150F may bedivided into multiple patches 160 (FIG. 7), wherein each patch 160 has acorresponding index i indicating a location of the patch 160 in theimage frame 150F, and wherein i is a positive integer. Each patch 160having index i has a corresponding classification unit 240 for assigningclassification labels to features extracted from the patch 160. For eachpatch 160 of each image frame 150F, a corresponding classification unit240 for the patch 160 assigns one or more classification labels, basedon maps 410 and 420 corresponding to the image frame 150F, to anysalient features and discriminative features extracted from the patch160. The corresponding classification unit 240 only analyzes a portionof the maps 410 and 420 that correspond to the patch 160. In oneembodiment, the classification units 240 operate in parallel.

In one embodiment, each classification unit 240 is trained using one ofthe following training techniques: stochastic gradient descent, asupport vector machine, backpropagation, input/desired outputcovariance, and a restricted Boltzmann machine.

The system 200 further comprises a de-transduction unit 250 forconverting neural spikes representing each pixel 140 of each image frame150F of the input video 150 to pixels 140.

The system 200 further comprises a post-processing unit 260. For eachimage frame 150F, the post-processing unit 260 merges adjacent patches160 of the image frame 150F to form a corresponding resulting imageframe 150F (FIG. 10) that highlights/flags objects of interest detectedwithin the image frame 150F. The resulting image frame 150F may beprovided to an external output system 120 for display (e.g., an externalmonitor).

Each component of the system 200 (i.e., the transduction unit 210, thesaliency feature extraction unit 220, the discriminative featureextraction unit 230, the classification units 240, the de-transductionunit 250, the post-processing unit 260) utilizes one or more corecircuits 10 for implementing the functions/operations of the component.

FIG. 6 illustrates converting different pixels 140 into neural spikes130, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As stated above,each pixel 140 has a corresponding pixel intensity value. FIG. 6illustrates three pixels 140 with different pixel intensity values: afirst pixel 140A with pixel intensity value 0 (e.g., pixel 140A isblack), a second pixel 140B with pixel intensity value 8 (e.g., pixel140B is grayscale), and a third pixel 140C with pixel intensity value 16(e.g., pixel 140C is white).

The transduction unit 210 converts each pixel 140 of each image frame150F to neural spikes 130 using a temporal coding scheme. In oneembodiment, a rate code temporal coding scheme is utilized, wherein apixel intensity value of a pixel 140 determines the number of neuralspikes 130 that will be sent to an axon 15 representing an input linefor the pixel 140 in a specified time window. The mapping of a pixelintensity value to a number of neural spikes 130 may be linear ornon-linear. Further, a floor value or ceiling value may be included inthe mapping.

For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the number of neural spikes 130 thatthe first pixel 140A is converted to is zero as the pixel intensityvalue of the first pixel 140A is zero. The number of neural spikes 130that the second pixel 140B is converted to is 8 as the pixel intensityvalue of the second pixel 140B is 8. The number of neural spikes 130that the third pixel 140C is converted to is 16 as the pixel intensityvalue of the third pixel 140C is 16.

In one embodiment, each pixel 140 has only one corresponding axon 15representing an input line for the pixel 140. An axon 15 correspondingto the second pixel 140B will receive 8 neural spikes 130 within aspecified time window (e.g., 16 time steps). Similarly, an axon 15corresponding to the third pixel 140C will receive 16 neural spikes 130within a specified time window (e.g., 16 time steps).

In another embodiment, each pixel 140 has a population of axons 15representing an input line for the pixel 140. A population of axons 15corresponding to the second pixel 140B will receive 8 total neuralspikes 130 within a specified time window (e.g., 16 time steps).Similarly, a population of axons 15 corresponding to the third pixel140C will receive 16 total neural spikes 130 within a specified timewindow (e.g., 16 time steps).

In another embodiment, a stochastic code temporal coding scheme isutilized, wherein a pixel intensity value of a pixel 140 determines theprobability of a neural spike 130 being sent to an axon 15 representingan input line for the pixel 140 in each time step. The mapping of apixel intensity value to a number of neural spikes 130 may be linear ornon-linear. Further, a floor value or ceiling value may be included inthe mapping.

In one embodiment, each core circuit 10 of a component of the system 200operates as follows: each neuron 11 receives synaptic input comprisingone or more neural spikes 130 from one or more weighted synapses 31connected to the neuron 11. The neural spikes received may be generatedby other neurons 11 or may be from an external source. Each neural spikereceived is integrated into a membrane potential variable of the neuron11 based on the weight of the synapse 31 that the neuron 11 received theneural spike from. Each neuron 11 produces outgoing neural spikes 130based on the integrated synaptic input and an activation function. Inone embodiment, each neuron 11 generates an outgoing neural spike 130when a membrane potential variable of the neuron 11 exceeds apre-determined threshold.

In one embodiment, outgoing neural spikes 130 generated by a particularset of neurons 11 within each feature extraction unit 220, 230 areprovided as output. The outgoing neural spikes 130 generated by this setof neurons 11 encode salient/discriminative features extracted from animage frame 150F of the input video 150.

In one embodiment, the level of each feature extracted by each featureextraction unit 220, 230 may be represented with outgoing neural spikes130 using a temporal coding scheme. In one embodiment, a rate codetemporal coding scheme is utilized, wherein a level of an extractedfeature determines the number of outgoing neural spikes 130 generated byone or more corresponding neurons 11 within a specified time window. Themapping of a level of an extracted feature to a number of outgoingneural spikes 130 may be linear or non-linear. Further, a floor value orceiling value may be included in the mapping.

In another embodiment, a stochastic temporal coding scheme is utilized,wherein a level of an extracted feature determines the probability of anoutgoing neural spike 130 generated by one or more corresponding neurons11 in each time step. The mapping of a level of an extracted feature toa number of outgoing neural spikes 130 may be linear or non-linear.Further, a floor value or ceiling value may be included in the mapping.

In one embodiment, outgoing neural spikes 130 generated by a particularset of neurons 11 within each classification unit 240 are provided asoutput. The outgoing neural spikes 130 generated by this set of neurons11 encode class predictions for a patch 160 of an image frame 150F ofthe input video 150.

In one embodiment, each classification unit 240 interprets featuresextracted from a corresponding patch 160 or classification labelsassigned to the patch 160 into a human-readable format. For example, foreach classification label, the sum of outgoing neural spikes 130generated for the classification label within a specified time windowrepresents the number of votes for the classification label. Theclassification label with the most number of votes is interpreted as thepredicted classification label.

FIG. 7 illustrates converting pixels from an example patch 160 of animage frame 150F to neural spikes 130, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention. As shown in FIG. 7, a subset 160S of the patch 160comprises two pixels 140 with different pixel intensity values. Thetransduction unit 210 converts a first pixel 140A of the subset 160Sinto zero neural spikes as a pixel intensity value of the first pixel140A is 0 (e.g., the first pixel 140A is black). The transduction unit210 converts a second pixel 140C of the subset 160S into 16 neuralspikes as a pixel intensity value of the second pixel 140C is 16 (e.g.,the first pixel 140C is white).

Each pixel 140 of the subset 160S has only one corresponding axon 15representing an input line for the pixel 140. An axon 15 correspondingto the second pixel 140C will receive 16 neural spikes 130 within aspecified time window (e.g., 16 time steps). The neural spikes 130representing the second pixel 140C are integrated into a membranepotential variable of a neuron 11 interconnected to the axon 15 via asynapse 31. Each neural spike 130 received is integrated into themembrane potential variable of the neuron 11 based on the weight of thesynapse 31. The neuron 11 generates an outgoing neural spike 130 eachtime the membrane potential variable of the neuron 11 exceeds apre-determined threshold. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the neuron 11generates an outgoing neural spike 130 during time step t=8 and timestep t=16.

FIG. 8 illustrates converting pixels from another example patch 160 ofan image frame 150F to neural spikes 130, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 8, a subset 160S of thepatch 160 comprises two pixels 140 with the same pixel intensity values.The transduction unit 210 converts each pixel 140B of the subset 160Sinto eight neural spikes as the pixel intensity value of the pixel 140Bis 8 (e.g., the pixel 140B is grayscale).

Each pixel 140B of the subset 160S has only one corresponding axon 15representing an input line for the pixel 140B. An axon 15 correspondingto each pixel 140B will receive 8 neural spikes 130 within a specifiedtime window (e.g., 16 time steps). The neural spikes 130 representingeach pixel 140B are integrated into a membrane potential variable of aneuron 11 interconnected to the axon 15 via one or more synapses 31.Each neural spike 130 received is integrated into the membrane potentialvariable of the neuron 11 based on the weight of the synapses 31. Theneuron 11 generates an outgoing neural spike 130 each time the membranepotential variable of the neuron 11 exceeds a pre-determined threshold.As shown in FIG. 8, the weights of the synapses 31 are opposing. Assuch, the membrane potential variable of the neuron 11 never exceeds apre-determined threshold.

FIG. 9 illustrates pre-processing an input video 150 for featureextraction, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In oneembodiment, the transduction unit 210 converts the input video 150 to apre-determined color space. Specifically, the transduction unit 210converts each image frame 150F of the input video 150 to one or morechannels 240, wherein each channel corresponds to a dimension of a colorspace.

For example, in one embodiment, the input video 150 comprises a sequenceof image frames 150F in the RGB color space. The transduction unit 210converts each image frame 150F of the input video 150 from the RGB colorspace to the L*a*b* color space. Specifically, the transduction unit 210converts each image frame 150F to three separate channels 190: a firstchannel 160 (“Channel 1”) corresponding to the L* dimension of theL*a*b* color space, a second channel 170 (“Channel 2”) corresponding tothe a* dimension of the L*a*b* color space, and a third channel 180(“Channel 3”) corresponding to the b* dimension of the L*a*b* colorspace. In another embodiment, the transduction unit 210 converts eachimage frame 150F to fewer than, or more than, three separate channels190.

As stated above, the transduction unit 210 converts each pixel of eachimage frame 150F of the input video 150 to neural spikes. For example,the transduction unit 210 converts each pixel of each image frame 160F,170F and 180F of Channel 1, Channel 2 and Channel 3, respectively, toneural spikes.

FIG. 10 illustrates performing scene understanding on an image frame150F, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The saliencyfeature extraction unit 220 extracts salient features from each imageframe 160F of Channel 1, each image frame 170F of Channel 2, and eachimage frame 180F of Channel 3. In one embodiment, the salient featuresextracted include motion saliency features and/or spatial saliencyfeatures. For each image frame 150F, the saliency feature extractionunit 220 generates a corresponding map 410 representing the salientfeatures extracted from corresponding image frames 160F, 170F and 180F.

Similarly, the discriminative feature extraction unit 230 extractssalient features from each image frame 160F of Channel 1, each imageframe 170F of Channel 2, and each image frame 180F of Channel 3. Foreach image frame 150F, the discriminative feature extraction unit 230generates a corresponding map 420 representing the discriminativefeatures extracted from corresponding image frames 160F, 170F and 180F.

Each patch 160 of each image frame 150F has a correspondingclassification unit 240 for assigning a classification label to salientfeatures and/or discriminative features extracted from the patch 160.

For each image frame 150F, the post-processing unit 260 merges adjacentpatches 160 of the image frame 150F to form a corresponding resultingimage frame 150F that highlights objects of interest detected within theimage frame 150F. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, a car within theimage frame 150F is flagged as an object of interest.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example process 500 for performingscene understanding, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.In process block 501, convert each pixel of each image frame to neuralspikes. In process block 502, process neural spikes to extract salientfeatures. In process block 503, encode the extracted salient features asneural spikes. In process block 504, classify the features extracted.

FIG. 12 is a high level block diagram showing an information processingsystem 300 useful for implementing one embodiment of the presentinvention. The computer system includes one or more processors, such asprocessor 302. The processor 302 is connected to a communicationinfrastructure 304 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, ornetwork).

The computer system can include a display interface 306 that forwardsgraphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure 304(or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on a display unit 308.The computer system also includes a main memory 310, preferably randomaccess memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 312. Thesecondary memory 312 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 314and/or a removable storage drive 316, representing, for example, afloppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, or an optical disk drive. Theremovable storage drive 316 reads from and/or writes to a removablestorage unit 318 in a manner well known to those having ordinary skillin the art. Removable storage unit 318 represents, for example, a floppydisk, a compact disc, a magnetic tape, or an optical disk, etc. which isread by and written to by removable storage drive 316. As will beappreciated, the removable storage unit 318 includes a computer readablemedium having stored therein computer software and/or data.

In alternative embodiments, the secondary memory 312 may include othersimilar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to beloaded into the computer system. Such means may include, for example, aremovable storage unit 320 and an interface 322. Examples of such meansmay include a program package and package interface (such as that foundin video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, orPROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 320 andinterfaces 322 which allow software and data to be transferred from theremovable storage unit 320 to the computer system.

The computer system may also include a communication interface 324.Communication interface 324 allows software and data to be transferredbetween the computer system and external devices. Examples ofcommunication interface 324 may include a modem, a network interface(such as an Ethernet card), a communication port, or a PCMCIA slot andcard, etc. Software and data transferred via communication interface 324are in the form of signals which may be, for example, electronic,electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received bycommunication interface 324. These signals are provided to communicationinterface 324 via a communication path (i.e., channel) 326. Thiscommunication path 326 carries signals and may be implemented using wireor cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link,and/or other communication channels.

In this document, the terms “computer program medium,” “computer usablemedium,” and “computer readable medium” are used to generally refer tomedia such as main memory 310 and secondary memory 312, removablestorage drive 316, and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 314.

Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored inmain memory 310 and/or secondary memory 312. Computer programs may alsobe received via communication interface 324. Such computer programs,when run, enable the computer system to perform the features of thepresent invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computerprograms, when run, enable the processor 302 to perform the features ofthe computer system. Accordingly, such computer programs representcontrollers of the computer system.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent invention. The computer readable storage medium can be atangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by aninstruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium maybe, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, amagnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagneticstorage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specificexamples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following:a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM),a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), aportable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatiledisk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded devicesuch as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

From the above description, it can be seen that the present inventionprovides a system, computer program product, and method for implementingthe embodiments of the invention. The present invention further providesa non-transitory computer-useable storage medium for extracting salientfeatures from video using a neurosynaptic network. The non-transitorycomputer-useable storage medium has a computer-readable program, whereinthe program upon being processed on a computer causes the computer toimplement the steps of the present invention according to theembodiments described herein. References in the claims to an element inthe singular is not intended to mean “one and only” unless explicitly sostated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functionalequivalents to the elements of the above-described exemplary embodimentthat are currently known or later come to be known to those of ordinaryskill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the present claims.No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35U.S.C. section 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expresslyrecited using the phrase “means for” or “step for.”

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, utilizing a firstneurosynaptic core circuit, an input video comprising a plurality ofimage frames in a first color space; converting, utilizing a secondneurosynaptic core circuit, the input video to a second color space byconverting each image frame of the input video to one or more channels,wherein each channel corresponds to a dimension of the second colorspace, and the second color space is different from the first colorspace; and converting, utilizing a third neurosynaptic core circuit, atleast one pixel of at least one image frame of the one or more channelsto one or more neural spikes based on a pre-determined coding scheme;wherein each neurosynaptic core circuit comprises a plurality ofelectronic synapse devices interconnecting a plurality of electronicneurons to a plurality of electronic axons.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the one or more neural spikes are processed to extract one ormore salient features from the at least one image frame.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein the converting, utilizing the third neurosynapticcore circuit, the at least one pixel of the at least one image frame ofthe one or more channels to the one or more neural spikes based on thepre-determined coding scheme comprises: mapping a pixel intensity valueof the at least one pixel to a number of neural spikes, wherein themapping is one of a linear mapping or a non-linear mapping, and thenumber of neural spikes are delivered to at least one electronic axon ofthe plurality of axons within a pre-determined time window.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the converting, utilizing the thirdneurosynaptic core circuit, the at least one pixel of the at least oneimage frame of the one or more channels to the one or more neural spikesbased on the pre-determined coding scheme comprises: mapping a pixelintensity value of the at least one pixel to a probability value,wherein the mapping is one of a linear mapping or a non-linear mapping,and the probability value indicates a probability a neural spike isdelivered to at least one electronic axon of the plurality of axons ineach time step.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first color spacecomprises a red green blue (RGB) color space, and the second color spaceis a Lab color space.
 6. A system comprising: at least one processor;and a non-transitory processor-readable memory device storinginstructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes theat least one processor to perform operations including: receiving,utilizing a first neurosynaptic core circuit, an input video comprisinga plurality of image frames in a first color space; converting,utilizing a second neurosynaptic core circuit, the input video to asecond color space by converting each image frame of the input video toone or more channels, wherein each channel corresponds to a dimension ofthe second color space, and the second color space is different from thefirst color space; and converting, utilizing a third neurosynaptic corecircuit, at least one pixel of at least one image frame of the one ormore channels to one or more neural spikes based on a pre-determinedcoding scheme; wherein each neurosynaptic core circuit comprises aplurality of electronic synapse devices interconnecting a plurality ofelectronic neurons to a plurality of electronic axons.
 7. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the one or more neural spikes are processed to extractone or more salient features from the at least one image frame.
 8. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the converting, utilizing the thirdneurosynaptic core circuit, the at least one pixel of the at least oneimage frame of the one or more channels to the one or more neural spikesbased on the pre-determined coding scheme comprises: mapping a pixelintensity value of the at least one pixel to a number of neural spikes,wherein the mapping is one of a linear mapping or a non-linear mapping,and the number of neural spikes are delivered to at least one electronicaxon of the plurality of axons within a pre-determined time window. 9.The system of claim 6, wherein the converting, utilizing the thirdneurosynaptic core circuit, the at least one pixel of the at least oneimage frame of the one or more channels to the one or more neural spikesbased on the pre-determined coding scheme comprises: mapping a pixelintensity value of the at least one pixel to a probability value,wherein the mapping is one of a linear mapping or a non-linear mapping,and the probability value indicates a probability a neural spike isdelivered to at least one electronic axon of the plurality of axons ineach time step.
 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the first color spacecomprises a red green blue (RGB) color space, and the second color spaceis a Lab color space.
 11. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of amachine, cause the machine to perform operations comprising: receiving,utilizing a first neurosynaptic core circuit, an input video comprisinga plurality of image frames in a first color space; converting,utilizing a second neurosynaptic core circuit, the input video to asecond color space by converting each image frame of the input video toone or more channels, wherein each channel corresponds to a dimension ofthe second color space, and the second color space is different from thefirst color space; and converting, utilizing a third neurosynaptic corecircuit, at least one pixel of at least one image frame of the one ormore channels to one or more neural spikes based on a pre-determinedcoding scheme; wherein each neurosynaptic core circuit comprises aplurality of electronic synapse devices interconnecting a plurality ofelectronic neurons to a plurality of electronic axons.
 12. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the one or more neuralspikes are processed to extract one or more salient features from the atleast one image frame.
 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11,wherein the converting, utilizing the third neurosynaptic core circuit,the at least one pixel of the at least one image frame of the one ormore channels to the one or more neural spikes based on thepre-determined coding scheme comprises: mapping a pixel intensity valueof the at least one pixel to a number of neural spikes, wherein themapping is one of a linear mapping or a non-linear mapping, and thenumber of neural spikes are delivered to at least one electronic axon ofthe plurality of axons within a pre-determined time window.
 14. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the converting, utilizingthe third neurosynaptic core circuit, the at least one pixel of the atleast one image frame of the one or more channels to the one or moreneural spikes based on the pre-determined coding scheme comprises:mapping a pixel intensity value of the at least one pixel to aprobability value, wherein the mapping is one of a linear mapping or anon-linear mapping, and the probability value indicates a probability aneural spike is delivered to at least one electronic axon of theplurality of axons in each time step.
 15. The computer-readable mediumof claim 11, wherein the first color space comprises a red green blue(RGB) color space, and the second color space is a Lab color space.